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Organic Summary Review
Alkanes
 | C
& H single bonds only, -ane ending
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| No
identifying lab tests
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| IR:
peaks to the right of 3000cm-1 (~2850) due to C-H bonds
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Alkyl Halides
| C to
halide bond, has halide branching name (ex: chloro)
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| Reacts
with copper wire to produce a green flame when burned
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| IR:
same as alkanes
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Alkenes or Alkynes
| C=C
with –ene ending or C≡C with –yne ending
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| Addition
reactions across multiple bond with Br2 causing color
disappearance
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| IR:
C-H peaks, =C-H immediate left of 3000cm-1 (~3050), C=C at
~1650cm-1, ≡C-H left of 3000cm-1 (~3300) and
C≡C at ~2200cm-1
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Aromatics
| Alternating
double bonds in a 6-membered ring (benzene)
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| Will
react with Br2 in the presence of a catalyst, but for a
substitution reaction
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| IR:
=C-H at 3030cm-1 and multiple (usually 2) peaks due to C=C
between 1500-2500cm-1 (note any peaks to the right of 3000cm-1
will be due to other groups off the ring)
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| Ortho
(o), meta (m), para (p) naming system for disubstituted rings
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Alcohols
| Hydroxy
(-OH) group present, -ol ending
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| Can
be oxidized into a ketone or aldehyde with an oxidizing agent, will undergo
an intramolecular dehydration to form an alkene
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| IR:
C-H peaks, wide peak ~3350cm-1 due to –OH
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| Can
have primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
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Ketones
| Has
internal carbonyl group (C=O), -one ending
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| No
identifying lab tests
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| IR:
C-H peaks, strong absorption at ~1750cm-1 due to carbonyl
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Aldehydes
| Terminal
carbonyl group, -al ending
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| Can
be oxidized into carboxylic acids with an oxidizing agent, will test
positive for the Schiff’s reagent
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| IR:
C-H peak, broad peak at 3450cm-1 due to carboxylic acid impurity,
aldehydic proton at ~2700cm-1 carbonyl peak at ~1750cm-1
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Carboxylic acids
| Has
a terminal carbonyl with a hydroxyl group attached to the carbon, -oic acid
ending
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| Will
act as an acid (release a H+)
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| IR:
broad peak centered ~3000cm-1 due to –OH,
carbonyl peak
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| also
has carboxylate salts
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Esters
| -COOC-
functional group (including a carbonyl), uses –ate ending
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| no
identifying lab tests, but made by intermolecular dehydration of a
carboxylic acid and an alcohol
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| IR:
C-H peaks, carbonyl peaks
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Ethers
| -COC-
functional group, uses the name “ether”
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| no
identifying lab tests, but made by an intermolecular dehydration of two
alcohols
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| IR:
same as alkanes
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Amines
| Has
amino group (-NH2), name as a branching group (or use “amine”
for common names) |
| Will
act as a base |
| IR:
has C-H peaks, moderate peak(s) at 3500-3600 due to N-H |
| Can
be primary, secondary, tertiary by how many alkyl groups are attached to the
nitrogen |
Amides
| Carbonyl
group attached to amine (CON), uses –amide ending |
| Can
undergo hydrolysis reactions to from an amine and a carboxylic acid |
| IR:
C-H peaks, N-H peaks, and C=O peak |
| Note:
the carbonyl bonded to the amine group is called an amide linkage (bond) |
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